How can diagnosis be improved to achieve early identification of as many affected individuals as possible?

Prof. Grimbacher | Prof. Witte | Prof. Steinemann | Dr. Atschekzei

What is this research project about?

The fitness of the immune system and thus the susceptibility to infections shows a Gaussian distribution in the population. The variability of susceptibility to infectious diseases is based on genetic variation.

What is this research project about?

The fitness of the immune system is unevenly distributed in the population. On the one hand there are anecdotal reports on the “90-yr-old smoker, who has never been admitted to hospital”; on the other hand there are immunocompromised individuals who would not survive without medical intervention, sometimes necessitating even bone marrow transplantation. These individuals, with a profoundly impaired immune system, manifest with severe and often untypical (e.g. opportunistic) life-threatening infections and a predisposition to (mainly virally-induced) malignancies. In between these two extremes, however, there is a distribution of immune fitness, where patients with recurrent non-life threatening -but repeated or prolonged- infections, represent the majority of cases. In the last decades more than 350 different genes have been found to be mutated in immunodeficiency patients.

What’s the current status?

Depending on the cohort of study, the more than 350 genes associated with primary immunodeficiencies (PID), can only explain about 15-60% of cases. Certainly, there are probably more genes yet to be discovered, however, it is also likely that our search is not deep enough and that the monogenic model is insufficient to fulfill the diagnostic odyssey. Nowadays, Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are routinely used in the clinic to obtain a genetic diagnosis. Most PID patients undergo targeted gene panel (TGP) sequencing or whole exome sequencing (WES), but still, a substantial number of them remain undiagnosed, as it is true for most Mendelian diseases. There may be many reasons for this; first, standard NGS bioinformatics pipelines are not specifically designed to detect copy number alterations (CNAs) or structural variants (SV), and these may be missed. Second, the use of TGP or WES limits the search to the coding part of the genome (2%). Third, other causative or contributing factors, which are excluded with the monogenic model, such as epigenetic profiles and the regulation of gene expression or the gut microbiome, have not been sufficiently studied.

More patients with immune defects could be registered.

What are the project goals?

The main objectives are:

Reducing the number of unsolved cases, since the majority of patients with immunodeficiency are currently undiagnosed
Improving our understating on how the epigenome works and its role in primary immunodeficiency disease.
Understanding the relationship between the gut microbiome and disease severity and comorbidity in PID patients with malignancies, autoimmunity or inflammation

How do we get there?

The percentage of positively diagnosed patients could increase, first, by reanalyzing WES data with custom bioinformatics pipelines or with the use of novel alternative methods like next generation mapping (NGM) to detect CNAs or SVs, including insertions, translocations and inversions, which are not detectable by commonly used techniques. Second, by investigating epigenetic patterns of DNA methylation and histone modification in a genome-wide approach. Third, by sequencing the gut microbiome we can study the phylogenic and functional diversity of the gut microbiota and its role in shaping the immune system. Finally, microbiome diversity and co-morbidity in patients with PID could be addressed with the analysis of intestinal immunoglobulins.

Project A2 obtains and registers its patients from the national registry for immunodeficient patients, the PIDnet registry, which has existed since 2009. The PIDnet Registry is part of the European immunodeficiency registry of ESID (European Society for Immunodeficiencies). Since the PIDnet Registry is responsible for the clinical data of patients, the PIDnet Registry is an integral part of RESIST.In addition, the project includes data and biomaterials from the cohort of the Clinical Research Group 250 (KFO 250) in its research.

High-molecular DNA analysis to identify structural variants of the genome.

Projectleaders

Project title: Infection predisposition in primary immundeficiencies

Prof. Dr. Bodo Grimbacher

Projekt: A2

CV & VIDEO

Prof. Dr. Torsten Witte

Projekte: A2, B2

CV & VIDEO

Prof. Dr. Doris Steinemann

Projekt: A2

CV & VIDEO

Dr. Faranaz Atschekzei

Projekt: A2

CV & Video

Project A2 Publications

Publications of the Year 2023:

Sequencing the B Cell Receptor Repertoires of Antibody-Deficient Individuals With and Without Infection Susceptibility.Lim YW, Ramirez NJ, Asensio MA, Chiang Y, Müller G, Mrovecova P, Mitsuiki N, Krausz M, Camacho-Ordonez N, Warnatz K, Adler AS, Grimbacher B. J Clin Immunol. 2023 Feb 24.

The link between rheumatic disorders and inborn errors of immunity. Sogkas G, Witte T. EBioMedicine. 2023 Mar 2;90:104501.

The GAIN Registry – a New Prospective Study for Patients with Multi-organ Autoimmunity and Autoinflammation. Staus P, Rusch S, El-Helou S, Müller G, Krausz M, Geisen U, Caballero-Oteyza A, Krüger R, Bakhtiar S, Lee-Kirsch MA, Fasshauer M, Baumann U, Hoyer BF, Farela Neves J, Borte M, Carrabba M, Hauck F, Ehl S, Bader P, von Bernuth H, Atschekzei F, Seppänen MRJ, Warnatz K, Nieters A, Kindle G, Grimbacher B. J Clin Immunol. 2023 Apr 21:1–13.

Publications of the Year 2022:

Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Associated Cancers: The Role of Clinical Phenotypes, Immunological and Genetic Factors. Bruns L, Panagiota V, von Hardenberg S, Schmidt G, Adriawan IR, Sogka E, Hirsch S, Ahrenstorf G, Witte T, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F, Sogkas G. Front Immunol. 2022 Feb 17;13:742530.

Diagnostic Yield and Therapeutic Consequences of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing in Sporadic Primary Immunodeficiency. Sogkas G, Dubrowinskaja N, Schütz K, Steinbrück L, Götting J, Schwerk N, Baumann U, Grimbacher B, Witte T, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2022;183(3):337-349.

Dysregulated PI3K Signaling in B Cells of CVID Patients. Harder I, Münchhalfen M, Andrieux G, Boerries M, Grimbacher B, Eibel H, Maccari ME, Ehl S, Wienands J, Jellusova J, Warnatz K, Keller B. Cells. 2022 Jan 28;11(3):464. doi: 10.3390/cells11030464.

Interferon-Driven Immune Dysregulation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency-Associated Villous Atrophy and Norovirus Infection. Strohmeier V, Andrieux G, Unger S, Pascual-Reguant A, Klocperk A, Seidl M, Marques OC, Eckert M, Gräwe K, Shabani M, von Spee-Mayer C, Friedmann D, Harder I, Gutenberger S, Keller B, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Grimbacher B, Provaznik J, Benes V, Goldacker S, Schell C, Hauser AE, Boerries M, Hasselblatt P, Warnatz K. J Clin Immunol. 2022 Oct 25. doi: 10.1007/s10875-022-01379-2. Epub ahead of print.

Phenotypic spectrum in recessive STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy: Four novel cases and analysis of previously reported cases. Wan R, Fänder J, Zakaraia I, Lee-Kirsch MA, Wolf C, Lucas N, Olfe LI, Hendrich C, Jonigk D, Holzinger D, Steindor M, Schmidt G, Davenport C, Klemann C, Schwerk N, Griese M, Schlegelberger B, Stehling F, Happle C, Auber B, Steinemann D, Wetzke M, von Hardenberg S. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 6;13:1029423.

Copy Number Analysis in a Large Cohort Suggestive of Inborn Errors of Immunity Indicates a Wide Spectrum of Relevant Chromosomal Losses and Gains. Wan R, Schieck M, Caballero-Oteyza A, Hofmann W, Cochino AV, Shcherbina A, Sherkat R, Wache-Mainier C, Fernandez A, Sultan M, Illig T, Grimbacher B, Proietti M, Steinemann D. J Clin Immunol. 2022 Jul;42(5):1083-1092.

Publications of the Year 2021:

A Pathogenic Missense Variant in NFKB1 Causes Common Variable Immunodeficiency Due to Detrimental Protein Damage. Fliegauf M, Krüger R, Steiner S, Hanitsch LG, Büchel S, Wahn V, von Bernuth H, Grimbacher B. Front Immunol. 2021 Apr 27;12:621503.

Bile acids regulate intestinal antigen presentation and reduce graft-versus-host disease without impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Haematologica. Haring E, Uhl FM, Andrieux G, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Sauer B, Braun LM, de Vega Gomez E, Esser PR, Martin SF, Pfeifer D, Follo M, Schmitt-Graeff A, Buescher J, Duyster J, Grimbacher B, Boerries M, Pearce EL, Zeiser R, Apostolova P. 2021 Aug 1;106(8):2131-2146. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2019.242990. PMID: 32675222; PMCID: PMC8327708.

A novel NFKBIA variant substituting serine 36 of IκBα causes immunodeficiency with warts, bronchiectasis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of ectodermal dysplasia. Sogkas G, Adriawan IR, Ringshausen FC, Baumann U, Schröder C, Klemann C, von Hardenberg S, Schmidt G, Bernd A, Jablonka A, Ernst D, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;210:108269. 3,969 “doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.10826

Bowel Histology of CVID Patients Reveals Distinct Patterns of Mucosal Inflammation.van Schewick CM, Lowe DM, Burns SO, Workman S, Symes A, Guzman D, Moreira F, Watkins J, Clark I, Grimbacher B. J Clin Immunol. 2021 Oct 1. doi: 10.1007/s10875-021-01104-5. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34599484.

Therapeutic options for CTLA-4 insufficiency. Egg D, Rump IC, Mitsuiki N, Rojas-Restrepo J, Maccari ME, Schwab C, Gabrysch A, Warnatz K, Goldacker S, Patiño V, Wolff D, Okada S, Hayakawa S, Shikama Y, Kanda K, Imai K, Sotomatsu M, Kuwashima M, Kamiya T, Morio T, Matsumoto K, Mori T, Yoshimoto Y, Dybedal I, Kanariou M, Kucuk ZY, Chapdelaine H, Petruzelkova L, Lorenz HM, Sullivan KE, Heimall J, Moutschen M, Litzman J, Recher M, Albert MH, Hauck F, Seneviratne S, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Kolios A, Unglik G, Klemann C, Snapper S, Giulino-Roth L, Svaton M, Platt CD, Hambleton S, Neth O, Gosse G, Reinsch S, Holzinger D, Kim YJ, Bakhtiar S, Atschekzei F, Schmidt R, Sogkas G, Chandrakasan S, Rae W, Derfalvi B, Marquart HV, Ozen A, Kiykim A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Králíčková P, de Bree G, Kiritsi D, Seidel MG, Kobbe R, Dantzer J, Alsina L, Armangue T, Lougaris V, Agyeman P, Nyström S, Buchbinder D, Arkwright PD, Grimbacher B. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Jun 7:S0091-6749(21)00891-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.039. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34111452

There is no gene for CVID – novel monogenetic causes for primary antibody deficiency. Ramirez NJ, Posadas-Cantera S, Caballero-Oteyza A, Camacho-Ordonez N, Grimbacher B. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021 Jun 18;72:176-185. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.05.010. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34153571 Review.

Pembrolizumab for treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in primary immunodeficiency and/or hematologic malignancy: a case series of five patients. Volk T, Warnatz K, Marks R, Urbach H, Schluh G, Strohmeier V, Rojas-Restrepo J, Grimbacher B, Rauer S. J Neurol. 2021 Jul 1. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10682-8. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34196768

TACI deficiency – a complex system out of balance. Salzer U, Grimbacher B. Curr Opin Immunol. 2021 Jul 8;71:81-88. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.004. Online ahead of print. PMID: 34247095 Review.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms breaking immune tolerance in inborn errors of immunity. Sogkas G, Atschekzei F, Adriawan IR, Dubrowinskaja N, Witte T, Schmidt RE. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Apr 1:1-19. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00626-z. Online ahead of print. PMID: 33795850 Free PMC article. Review.

Beyond „Big Eaters“: The Versatile Role of Alveolar Macrophages in Health and Disease. Hetzel M, Ackermann M, Lachmann N. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 24;22(7):3308. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073308. PMID: 33804918 Free PMC article. Review.

Publications of the Year 2020:

Dynamics in protein translation sustaining T cell preparedness. Wolf T, Jin W, Zoppi G, Vogel IA, Akhmedov M, Bleck CKE, Beltraminelli T, Rieckmann JC, Ramirez NJ, Benevento M, Notarbartolo S, Bumann D, Meissner F, Grimbacher B, Mann M, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Kwee I, Geiger R. Nat Immunol. 2020 Aug;21(8):927-937.

Altered Microbiota, Impaired Quality of Life, Malabsorption, Infection, and Inflammation in CVID Patients With Diarrhoea. van Schewick CM, Nöltner C, Abel S, Burns SO, Workman S, Symes A, Guzman D, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Moreira F, Soetedjo V, Lowe DM, Grimbacher B. Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 31;11:1654.

Dominant-negative mutations in human IL6ST underlie hyper-IgE syndrome. Béziat V, Tavernier SJ, Chen YH, Ma CS, Materna M, Laurence A, Staal J, Aschenbrenner D, Roels L, Worley L, Claes K, Gartner L, Kohn LA, De Bruyne M, Schmitz-Abe K, Charbonnier LM, Keles S, Nammour J, Vladikine N, Maglorius Renkilaraj MRL, Seeleuthner Y, Migaud M, Rosain J, Jeljeli M, Boisson B, Van Braeckel E, Rosenfeld JA, Dai H, Burrage LC, Murdock DR, Lambrecht BN, Avettand- Fenoel V, Vogel TP; Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Esther CR, Haskologlu S, Dogu F, Ciznar P, Boutboul D, Ouachée-Chardin M, Amourette J, Lebras MN, Gauvain C, Tcherakian C, Ikinciogullari A, Beyaert R, Abel L, Milner JD, Grimbacher B, Couderc LJ, Butte MJ, Freeman AF, Catherinot É, Fieschi C, Chatila TA, Tangye SG, Uhlig HH, Haerynck F, Casanova JL, Puel A. J Exp Med. 2020 Jun 1;217(6):e20191804.“

Characterization of the clinical and immunologic phenotype and management of 157 individuals with 56 distinct heterozygous NFKB1 mutations. Lorenzini T, Fliegauf M, Klammer N, Frede N, Proietti M, Bulashevska A, Camacho-Ordonez N, Varjosalo M, Kinnunen M, de Vries E, van der Meer JWM, Ameratunga R, Roifman CM, Schejter YD, Kobbe R, Hautala T, Atschekzei F, Schmidt RE, Schröder C, Stepensky P, Shadur B, Pedroza LA, van der Flier M, Martínez-Gallo M, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Allende LM, Shcherbina A, Kuzmenko N, Zakharova V, Neves JF, Svec P, Fischer U, Ip W, Bartsch O, Barış S, Klein C, Geha R, Chou J, Alosaimi M, Weintraub L, Boztug K, Hirschmugl T, Dos Santos Vilela MM, Holzinger D, Seidl M, Lougaris V, Plebani A, Alsina L, Piquer-Gibert M, Deyà-Martínez A, Slade CA, Aghamohammadi A, Abolhassani H, Hammarström L, Kuismin O, Helminen M, Allen HL, Thaventhiran JE, Freeman AF, Cook M, Bakhtiar S, Christiansen M, Cunningham-Rundles C, Patel NC, Rae W, Niehues T, Brauer N, Syrjänen J, Seppänen MRJ, Burns SO, Tuijnenburg P, Kuijpers TW; NIHR-BioResource – Rare Diseases Consortium, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr 9:S0091-6749(20)30422-X.

Nonpermissive bone marrow environment impairs early B-cell development in common variable immunodeficiency. Troilo A, Wehr C, Janowska I, Venhoff N, Thiel J, Rawluk J, Frede N, Staniek J, Lorenzetti R, Schleyer MT, Herget GW, Konstantinidis L, Erlacher M, Proietti M, Camacho-Ordonez N, Voll RE, Grimbacher B, Warnatz K, Salzer U, Rizzi M. Blood. 2020 Apr 23;135(17):1452-1457.

Incidence of SCID in Germany from 2014 to 2015 an ESPED* Survey on Behalf of the API*** Erhebungseinheit für Seltene Pädiatrische Erkrankungen in Deutschland (German Paediatric Surveillance Unit) ** Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pädiatrische Immunologie. Shai S, Perez-Becker R, Andres O, Bakhtiar S, Bauman U, von Bernuth H, Classen CF, Dückers G, El-Helou SM, Gangfuß A, Ghosh S, Grimbacher B, Hauck F, Hoenig M, Husain RA, Kindle G, Kipfmueller F, Klemann C, Krüger R, Lainka E, Lehmberg K, Lohrmann F, Morbach H, Naumann-Bartsch N, Oommen PT, Schulz A, Seidemann K, Speckmann C, Sykora KW, von Kries R, Niehues T. J Clin Immunol. 2020 Jul;40(5):708-717. doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00782-x. Epub 2020 May 26. PMID: 32458183.

Clinical Phenotypes and Immunological Characteristics of 18 Egyptian LRBA Deficiency Patients. Meshaal S, El Hawary R, Adel R, Abd Elaziz D, Erfan A, Lotfy S, Hafez M, Hassan M, Johnson M, Rojas-Restrepo J, Gamez-Diaz L, Grimbacher B, Shoman W, Abdelmeguid Y, Boutros J, Galal N, El-Guindy N, Elmarsafy A. J Clin Immunol. 2020 Jun 6.

Dupilumab to treat severe atopic dermatitis in autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome. Sogkas G, Hirsch S, Jablonka A, Witte T, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Clin Immunol 2020;215:108452

Publications of the Year 2019:

The European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) Registry Working Definitions for the Clinical Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Immunity. Seidel MG, Kindle G, Gathmann B, Quinti I, Buckland M, van Montfrans J, Scheible R, Rusch S, Gasteiger LM, Grimbacher B, Mahlaoui N, Ehl S; ESID Registry Working Party and collaborators. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 Jul – Aug;7(6):1763-1770. Epub 2019 Feb 15.

Progressive Immunodeficiency with Gradual Depletion of B and CD4⁺ T Cells in Immunodeficiency, Centromeric Instability and Facial Anomalies Syndrome 2 (ICF2). Sogkas G, Dubrowinskaja N, Bergmann AK, Lentes J, Ripperger T, Fedchenko M, Ernst D, Jablonka A, Geffers R, Baumann U, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Diseases. 2019 Apr 4;7(2):34.

Assessing the Functional Relevance of Variants in the IKAROS Family Zinc Finger Protein 1 (IKZF1) in a Cohort of Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency. Eskandarian Z, Fliegauf M, Bulashevska A, Proietti M, Hague R, Smulski CR, Schubert D, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B. Front Immunol. 2019 Apr 16;10:568. eCollection 2019. Erratum in: Front Immunol. 2019 Jun 28;10:1490.

Evaluating laboratory criteria for combined immunodeficiency in adult patients diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency. von Spee-Mayer C, Koemm V, Wehr C, Goldacker S, Kindle G, Bulashevska A, Proietti M, Grimbacher B, Ehl S, Warnatz K. Clin Immunol. 2019 Jun;203:59-62. Epub 2019 Apr 17.

Corrigendum: Assessing the Functional Relevance of Variants in the IKAROS Family Zinc Finger Protein 1 (IKZF1) in a Cohort of Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency. Eskandarian Z, Fliegauf M, Bulashevska A, Proietti M, Hague R, Smulski CR, Schubert D, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B. Front Immunol. 2019 Jun 28;10:1490. eCollection 2019.

The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017). El-Helou SM, Biegner AK, Bode S, Ehl SR, Heeg M, Maccari ME, Ritterbusch H, Speckmann C, Rusch S, Scheible R, Warnatz K, Atschekzei F, Beider R, Ernst D, Gerschmann S, Jablonka A, Mielke G, Schmidt RE, Schürmann G, Sogkas G, Baumann UH, Klemann C, Viemann D, von Bernuth H, Krüger R, Hanitsch LG, Scheibenbogen CM, Wittke K, Albert MH, Eichinger A, Hauck F, Klein C, Rack-Hoch A, Sollinger FM, Avila A, Borte M, Borte S, Fasshauer M, Hauenherm A, Kellner N, Müller AH, Ülzen A, Bader P, Bakhtiar S, Lee JY, Heß U, Schubert R, Wölke S, Zielen S, Ghosh S, Laws HJ, Neubert J, Oommen PT, Hönig M, Schulz A, Steinmann S, Schwarz K, Dückers G, Lamers B, Langemeyer V, Niehues T, Shai S, Graf D, Müglich C, Schmalzing MT, Schwaneck EC, Tony HP, Dirks J, Haase G, Liese JG, Morbach H, Foell D, Hellige A, Wittkowski H, Masjosthusmann K, Mohr M, Geberzahn L, Hedrich CM, Müller C, Rösen-Wolff A, Roesler J, Zimmermann A, Behrends U, Rieber N, Schauer U, Handgretinger R, Holzer U, Henes J, Kanz L, Boesecke C, Rockstroh JK, Schwarze-Zander C, Wasmuth JC, Dilloo D, Hülsmann B, Schönberger S, Schreiber S, Zeuner R, Ankermann T, von Bismarck P, Huppertz HI, Kaiser-Labusch P, Greil J, Jakoby D, Kulozik AE, Metzler M, Naumann-Bartsch N, Sobik B, Graf N, Heine S, Kobbe R, Lehmberg K, Müller I, Herrmann F, Horneff G, Klein A, Peitz J, Schmidt N, Bielack S, Groß-Wieltsch U, Classen CF, Klasen J, Deutz P, Kamitz D, Lassay L, Tenbrock K, Wagner N, Bernbeck B, Brummel B, Lara-Villacanas E, Münstermann E, Schneider DT, Tietsch N, Westkemper M, Weiß M, Kramm C, Kühnle I, Kullmann S, Girschick H, Specker C, Vinnemeier-Laubenthal E, Haenicke H, Schulz C, Schweigerer L, Müller TG, Stiefel M, Belohradsky BH, Soetedjo V, Kindle G, Grimbacher B. Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 19;10:1272. eCollection 2019.

A novel NFKBIA variant substituting serine 36 of IkappaBalpha causes immunodeficiency with warts, bronchiectasis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in the absence of ectodermal dysplasia. Sogkas G, Adriawan IR, Ringshausen FC, Baumann U, Schroder C, Klemann C, von Hardenberg S, Schmidt G, Bernd A, Jablonka A, Ernst D, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Clin Immunol 2020;210:108269

Late-Onset Antibody Deficiency Due to Monoallelic Alterations in NFKB1. Schröder C, Sogkas G, Fliegauf M, Dörk T, Liu D, Hanitsch LG, Steiner S, Scheibenbogen C, Jacobs R, Grimbacher B, Schmidt RE, Atschekzei F. Front Immunol. 2019 Nov 14;10:2618. eCollection 2019.

Distinct molecular response patterns of activating STAT3 mutations associate with penetrance of lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity. Jägle S, Heeg M, Grün S, Rensing-Ehl A, Maccari ME, Klemann C, Jones N, Lehmberg K, Bettoni C, Warnatz K, Grimbacher B, Biebl A, Schauer U, Hague R, Neth O, Mauracher A, Pachlopnik Schmid J, Fabre A, Kostyuchenko L, Führer M, Lorenz MR, Schwarz K, Rohr J, Ehl S. Clin Immunol. 2019 Nov 23;210:108316.

The architecture of the IgG anti-carbohydrate repertoire in primary antibody deficiencies. Jandus P, Boligan KF, Smith DF, de Graauw E, Grimbacher B, Jandus C, Abdelhafez MM, Despont A, Bovin N, Simon D, Rieben R, Simon HU, Cummings RD, von Gunten S. Blood. 2019 Nov 28;134(22):1941-1950.

Structural Noninfectious Manifestations of the Central Nervous System in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders. van de Ven A, Mader I, Wolff D, Goldacker S, Fuhrer H, Rauer S, Grimbacher B, Warnatz K. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019 Dec 16. pii: S2213-2198(19)31026-8.

Long-term outcome of LRBA deficiency in 76 patients after various treatment modalities as evaluated by the immune deficiency and dysregulation activity (IDDA) score. Tesch VK, Abolhassani H, Shadur B, Zobel J, Mareika Y, Sharapova S, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Rivière JG, Garcia-Prat M, Moes N, Haerynck F, Gonzales-Granado LI, Santos Pérez JL, Mukhina A, Shcherbina A, Aghamohammadi A, Hammarström L, Dogu F, Haskologlu S, İkincioğulları AI, Bal SK, Baris S, Kilic SS, Karaca NE, Kutukculer N, Girschick H, Kolios A, Keles S, Uygun V, Stepensky P, Worth A, van Montfrans JM, Peters AM4, Meyts I, Adeli M, Marzollo A, Padem N, Khojah AM, Chavoshzadeh Z, Stefanija MA, Bakhtiar S, Florkin B, Meeths M, Gamez L, Grimbacher B, Seppänen MR, Lankester A, Gennery AR, Seidel MG; Inborn Errors, Clinical, and Registry Working Parties of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) and the European Society of Immunodeficiencies (ESID). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Dec 27. pii: S0091-6749(19)32603-X.